Brown, Olympia, 1835-1926

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Olympia Brown (January 5, 1835 – October 23, 1926) was an American minister and suffragist. She was the first woman to be ordained as clergy with the consent of her denomination. Brown was also an articulate advocate for women's rights and one of the few first generation suffragists who were able to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Olympia Brown was born on January 5, 1835 in Prairie Ronde Township, Michigan. Brown was the oldest of four children. Her parents, Lephia and Asa Brown, were farmers in what was then considered frontier land. They were the great-great-aunt and -uncle, respectively, of U.S. President Calvin Coolidge. Lephia raised her children in a household that regarded religion and education as very important. This is evident from the building of a schoolhouse on the Brown territory.

The drive for education instilled by Brown's mother had compelled her to finish high school and advance to the university level. Brown and her younger sister Oella decided to attend Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. Mount Holyoke and a college education were what Brown had hoped for. Her excitement was tempered by the restrictions placed on women at Mount Holyoke. These restrictions included a list of forty rules, the abolition of a literacy society founded by the Browns, and religious restrictions. Perhaps the best example of the school's thinking was the words of a Chemistry professor, "You are not expected to remember all of this, but only enough to make you intelligent in conversation." Brown, who already knew she could meet the challenges of a higher education, looked elsewhere.

Putting aside her experiences at Mount Holyoke, Brown enrolled at Antioch College. Once Brown began her education at Antioch, she realized she had to catch up to higher standards. Brown also learned that despite the progressive nature at Antioch, there were still forms of discrimination. For example, in Brown's English class, women were not required to have speeches memorized. In a defiant act, Brown delivered her speeches from memory, just as the men had. Perhaps the crowning achievement of Brown’s time at Antioch was her ability to persuade her hero, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, to speak at Antioch.

Once Brown finished her schooling at Antioch, she decided her calling was to be a minister. After countless rejections, she was accepted to the Theological School of St. Lawrence University, although the school's president, Ebenezer Fisher, made it clear he did not believe women should be ministers. She arrived on campus in 1861and graduated in 1863, becoming the first woman to graduate from an established theological school. Once again, Brown faced opposition from many sides. This included fellow students and the wives of the faculty. Brown took it all as a challenge. After her first year, Brown had gained acceptance and finished her schooling.

Despite finishing her schooling, and gaining a year of preaching experience with Congregations in Marshfield and Montpelier, Vermont, Brown still met opposition to her ordination. The St. Lawrence faculty refused to ordain her. Brown decided to appeal to the Universalist Council, and traveled to nearby Malone, New York, to present her case to the Northern Universalist Association. Brown's appeal was a simple plea for equality. One member of the Council had heard Brown's sermon the week prior, and left his support. To the surprise of many, the council voted to ordain her. Thus on June 25, 1863, Olympia Brown became the first woman to be ordained as a minister in the Universalist Church. Historians have debated the place she holds in the history of women's ordination. Some consider her ordination, approved by her regional Association, to be of greater significance than that of Antoinette Brown Blackwell, ordained in 1853 by the Congregational Church in South Butler, NY. Brown Blackwell did not have formal support in her denomination beyond the local congregation. Olympia Brown was the first woman to be ordained with official approval from a national denomination.

After her ordination, Brown went to Vermont, preaching in various churches. She also spent some time at home with her family in Michigan, before beginning her first pastorate in Weymouth Landing, Massachusetts. She was formally installed in July 1864, and ministered to the congregation for several years. She went on to pastor a church in Bridgeport, Connecticut, being hired by the congregation despite initial reluctance by many parishioners who did not wish to have a woman pastor. In 1878, she accepted a call to a church in Racine, Wisconsin, where she would serve as minister until 1887. In all her ministerial settings she was well respected as a preacher. She was described by a reporter for the Superior Daily Leader as "the female Beecher of the rostrum." This was intended as a high compliment, as Henry Ward Beecher was widely considered to be the best preacher in the United States at the time.

From Brown's childhood and the abolition movement to Brown's own experiences with discrimination, Brown had always been aware of the quest for equal rights. Due to Brown's strong speaking skills and beliefs, Susan B. Anthony continually sought the involvement of Brown. With the encouragement of Lucy Stone and her husband, Henry Blackwell, Brown decided to travel to Kansas in order to speak on women's rights. Over the course of the summer, Brown delivered more than 300 speeches despite facing many hardships. Even though this was a great experience, Brown decided to return to ministry, until a change of heart in 1887.

Now that Brown had dedicated her life to the movement, she looked to do all she could. This included forming the New England Women's Suffrage Association, leading the Wisconsin Suffrage Association and becoming the president of the Federal Suffrage Association from 1903 to 1920.

Despite all this action, Brown saw few changes take place. Brown believed that the second generation of suffragists suffered from poor leadership and erroneously focused their efforts at the state level. It was not until 1913 when Brown was invited to join the newly formed Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which would later be called the National Woman's Party, by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. This group looked to pass an amendment at the federal level and also vowed to use a more radical approach.

These new tactics led to the women's right to vote amendment being presented to Congress and marches in front of the White House. President Wilson met the two marches in front of the White House with displeasure. As a result, these women were to be jailed. The mistreatment of these women coupled with the massive press exposure led to more support for the movement.

Eventually, Congress passed the bill. However, with ratification still needed, Brown along with others hit the campaign trail one last time. Olympia Brown's last march was at the 1920 Republican National Convention. The 19th Amendment would finally be ratified on August 25, 1920, marking the first time that Olympia Brown along with countless other women were able to vote.

Brown was married to John Henry Willis in 1873; she chose to keep her maiden name. They reared two children: Henry and Gwendolyn. Both of their children became teachers.

Brown spent her last years with her family in Racine, Wisconsin. She continued to support women's rights and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.

She died in Baltimore on October 23, 1926.

In 1963 to honor the centennial of Brown's ordination, the Theological School of St. Lawrence University mounted a plaque at the church she pastored at in Racine, Wisconsin. The inscription concludes, "The flame of her spirit still burns today." In 1989 the church was renamed the Olympia Brown Unitarian Universalist Church.

In the 1970s the Olympia Brown League was founded by Susan Hester and Fran Kaplan to help women's name rights in Milwaukee, in response to a court decision against women seeking to keep their maiden names upon marriage; Brown had kept hers upon her marriage. Specifically, the case with that court decision was Kruzel v. Podell (1975), in which the Supreme Court of Wisconsin decided that a woman upon marriage adopts the last name of her husband by customarily using that name after marriage, but also stated that no law required her to.

Archival Resources
Role Title Holding Repository
creatorOf Brown, Olympia, 1835-1926. Papers, ca. 1849-1963 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Racine County Historical Society (Wis.). Meeting presentations, 1959. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
creatorOf Brown, Olympia, 1835-1926. Papers of Olympia Brown, 1899-1912 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers, 1877-1983 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Stewart, Ella Jane Seass, 1871-1945. Papers in the Mary Earhart Dillon Collection, 1895-1939 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn St. Lawrence University. Women at St. Lawrence University collection, 1911-1981. Campbell University, Wiggins Memorial Library
referencedIn Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America,. Essay collection, 1952-1976 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Stewart, Ella Jane Seass, 1871-. Series XII of the Mary Earhart Dillon Collection, 1895-1939 (inclusive). Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Roberts, Margaret Stevenson, 1872-1952. Papers, 1896-1956 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Mason, Francema A., 1837-1911. Francema Mason - Otis Mason correspondence, 1863-1876, (bulk 1863-1868). Newberry Library
creatorOf Brown, Olympia, 1835-1926. Papers, ca. 1849-1963 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers, 1877-1983 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers in the Mary Earhart Dillon Collection, 1869-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Willis, Gwendolyn,. Oral history interview with Gwendolyn Willis [sound recording], ca. 1959. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn Greene, Dana. Suffrage and religious principle : the case of Olympia Brown. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Colby, Clara Bewick, 1846-1916. Papers, 1821-1985. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn Park, Maud Wood, 1871-1955. Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1870-1960 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Keeley, Carrie Wilhelmina. Papers, 1905-1911. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn May, Samuel J. (Samuel Joseph), 1797-1871. Samuel J. May diary, 1870. Cornell University Library
referencedIn Ada James Papers, 1816-1952 Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn Essay collection of the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, 1952-1976 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Park, Maud Wood, 1871-1955. Papers in the Woman's Rights Collection, 1870-1960 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn Owen D. Young Library. Special Collections. Miscellaneous manuscripts: A-F, 1767-1981. Campbell University, Wiggins Memorial Library
creatorOf Brown, Olympia, 1835-1926. Letter, 1888. Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
referencedIn McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945. Papers in the Mary Earhart Dillon collection, 1869-1945 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
creatorOf Colby, Clara Dorothy Bewick, 1846-1916. Papers of Clara Dorothy Bewick Colby, 1882-1914. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens
creatorOf Brown, Olympia, 1835-1926. Letter and biographical information, 1900 and 1975. Wisconsin Historical Society, Newspaper Project
referencedIn Roberts, Margaret Stevenson, 1872-1952. Papers, 1896-1956 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America‏
Role Title Holding Repository
Relation Name
associatedWith American Woman Suffrage Association corporateBody
associatedWith Anna Oliver. person
associatedWith Anthony, Susan B. (Susan Brownell), 1820-1906. person
associatedWith Antioch College corporateBody
correspondedWith Aquae Gloria corporateBody
associatedWith Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, corporateBody
associatedWith Blackwell, Alice Stone, 1857-1950 person
associatedWith Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Brown, 1825-1921. person
associatedWith Blackwell, Henry Brown, 1825-1909 person
associatedWith Blackwell, Henry Browne, 1825-1909. person
associatedWith Burns, Lucy, 1879-1966 person
correspondedWith Burton L. French person
associatedWith Cobb, Eunice H person
associatedWith Cobb, Eunice Hale Wait. person
associatedWith Colby, Clara Bewick, 1846-1916. person
associatedWith Colby, Clara Dorothy (Bewick), 1846-1916 person
associatedWith Couzins, Phoebe Wilson, 1839-1913. person
associatedWith Couzins, Phoebe Wilson, 1839? -1913 person
associatedWith Dickinson, Anna E. (Anna Elizabeth), 1842-1932. person
correspondedWith Elmira Water Cure Company corporateBody
correspondedWith Enfina C. Tompkins person
associatedWith Federal Suffrage Association corporateBody
associatedWith Federal Woman's Equality Association corporateBody
correspondedWith First Universalist Church corporateBody
associatedWith Fuller, Margaret, 1810-1850 person
associatedWith Gage, Matilda E (Joslyn), 1826-1898 person
associatedWith Garrison, William Lloyd, 1805-1879 person
associatedWith Garrison, William Lloyd II, 1838-1909 person
associatedWith George Elliott person
associatedWith Government Congress corporateBody
associatedWith Greene, Dana. person
associatedWith Hanaford, Phebe Ann (Coffin), 1829-1921 person
associatedWith Harper, Ida Husted, 1851-1931. person
associatedWith Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 1822-1907. person
associatedWith Hooker, John, 1816-1901 person
associatedWith Howe, Julia Ward, 1819-1910. person
associatedWith James, Ada Lois, 1876-1952. person
correspondedWith J. Cassody person
associatedWith John J. Blaine person
correspondedWith John L. Lee person
associatedWith Johnson, Adelaide, 1859-1955 person
associatedWith Judiciary Committee corporateBody
associatedWith Keeley, Carrie Wilhelmina. person
associatedWith Lenroot, Irvine Luther, 1869-1949 person
associatedWith Lewis, Dora person
associatedWith Lewis, Dora. person
associatedWith Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice, 1820-1905. person
associatedWith Lockwood, Belva Ann, 1830-1917 person
associatedWith Lucretia Effinger person
associatedWith Mann, Horace person
associatedWith Mann, Horace, 1796-1859 person
associatedWith Margaret Stephenson Roberts, d. 1952 person
associatedWith Mason, Francema A., 1837-1911. person
associatedWith May, Samuel J. (Samuel Joseph), 1797-1871. person
associatedWith McCulloch, Catharine Waugh, 1862-1945 person
associatedWith Ministerial Union corporateBody
associatedWith Mount Holyoke Female Seminary corporateBody
associatedWith National American Convention corporateBody
associatedWith National American Woman Suffrage Association corporateBody
associatedWith National Woman's Party corporateBody
associatedWith National Woman Suffrage Association corporateBody
associatedWith National Woman Suffrage Association (U.S.) corporateBody
associatedWith New England Woman Suffrage Association corporateBody
associatedWith New England Woman Suffrage Association. corporateBody
associatedWith Owen D. Young Library. Special Collections. corporateBody
associatedWith Park, Maud Wood, 1871-1955 person
associatedWith Parliament of Religions, Art Institute corporateBody
associatedWith Racine County Historical Society (Wis.) corporateBody
associatedWith Roberts, Margaret Stephenson, d.1952. person
associatedWith Sabin, Ellen Clara, 1850-1949 person
associatedWith Saint Lawrence University Theological School corporateBody
associatedWith Sewall, May (Wright), 1844-1920 person
associatedWith Shaw, Anna Howard, 1847-1919 person
associatedWith Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 1815-1902. person
associatedWith Stearns, Lutie Eugenia, 1866-1943 person
associatedWith Stewart, Ella Jane Seass, 1871-1945 person
correspondedWith St. Lawrence County New York Association of Universalists corporateBody
associatedWith St. Lawrence University corporateBody
associatedWith St. Lawrence University. Theological School. corporateBody
associatedWith Stone, Lucy, 1818-1893 person
associatedWith Suffrage School corporateBody
correspondedWith Supreme Court corporateBody
associatedWith Tilton, Theodore, 1835-1907 person
associatedWith Upton, Harriet Taylor. person
associatedWith U.S. House of Representatives corporateBody
associatedWith U.S. Senate corporateBody
associatedWith Willis, Gwendolen Brown, 1876- person
associatedWith Willis, Gwendolyn, person
associatedWith Willis, John Henry, d. 1893 person
associatedWith Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association. corporateBody
associatedWith Woman's Suffrage Association corporateBody
associatedWith Woman's Suffrage Committee corporateBody
associatedWith Woodhull, Victoria C. (Victoria Claflin), 1838-1927. person
associatedWith World's Exposition corporateBody
Place Name Admin Code Country
South Hadley MA US
Yellow Springs OH US
Racine WI US
Vermont VT US
Kalamazoo County MI US
Kansas KS US
Weymouth MA US
Canton NY US
Baltimore MD US
Bridgeport CT US
Subject
Religion
Education of women
Elocution
Trials (Political crimes and offenses)
Women
Women
Women
Women clergy
Women's rights
Occupation
Clergy
Minister
Suffragists
Activity

Person

Birth 1835-01-05

Death 1926-10-23

Female

Americans

English

Information

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