Abstract

Understanding the complex interactions present in the Earth's physical and biological systems within the ocean, atmosphere, land, and ice has long been of scientific interest. Recently, with the advent of accelerated climate change, the need to understand the societal and policy implications in s... Show moreUnderstanding the complex interactions present in the Earth's physical and biological systems within the ocean, atmosphere, land, and ice has long been of scientific interest. Recently, with the advent of accelerated climate change, the need to understand the societal and policy implications in such areas as water resource planning, agricultural practices, and human activities (e.g., deforestation, CO2 emissions) has made the need to understand the earth system even more critical. Fortunately, advances in computing capabilities over the last few decades have enabled the development of climate simulation codes, or Earth-system models (ESMs) that have significantly advanced climate science and improved understanding of the complexities of the climate system. Show less