Ionospheric observation of gravity-waves associated with hurricane Eloise
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 22, 1978
Keywords:
Hurricanes,
Gravity waves,
Ionosphere
Volumes
Vols. 1-18 (1924-1944), ISSN 0044-2801
Main Article Content
Abstract
An experiment conducted by using a continuous wave-spectrum high frequency radio wave Doppler sounder array with three sites and nine transmitters (each site with three transmitters) was carried out to observe the coupling of energy between the troposphere and the ionosphere during the period of Hurricane Eloise. The analysis of the Doppler sounder records indicated that gravity waves were detected when the eye wall of Hurricane Eloise was located at the Gulf of Mexico. A group ray tracing has been used in an attempt to locate the sources of these waves. Wave sources are located along the storm track and near the storm center. The wave excitation mechanism is discussed.
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Article Details
How to Cite
Hung, R., & Kuo, J. (1978). Ionospheric observation of gravity-waves associated with hurricane Eloise. Journal of Geophysics, 45(1), 67 -80. Retrieved from https://journal.geophysicsjournal.com/JofG/article/view/173
Section
References
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Baker, D.M., Davies, K. (1969) F2-region acoustic waves from severe weather, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 31:1345-1352
Bertin, F., Testud, J., Kersley, L. (1975) Medium scale gravity waves in the ionospheric F-region and their possible origin in weather disturbances. Planet. Space Sci. 23:493-507
Black, P.G. (1977) Some aspects of tropical storm structure revealed by handheld-camera photographs from space, in Skylab Explores the Earth, ed. by V.R. Wilmarth, NASA SP-380, pp. 417-461
Bretherton, F.P. (1966) The propagation of groups of internal gravity-waves in a shear flow. Quant. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 92:466-480
Chimonas, G., Hines, C.O. (1970) Atmospheric gravity waves launched by auroral currents. Planet. Space Sci. 18:565-582
Cowling, D.H., Webb, H.D., Yeh, K.C. (1971) Group rays of internal gravity waves in a wind stratified atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 76:213-220
Davies, K., Jones, J.E. (1972) Ionospheric disturbances produced by severe thunderstorms, NOAA Professional Paper 6, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Rockville, Md., pp. 47
Deardorff, J.W., Willis, G.E., Lilly, D.K. (1969) Laboratory investigation of non-steady penetrative convection. J. Fluid Mech. 35:7-31
Fujita, T.T. (1974) Overshooting thunderheads observed from ATS and Learjet. NASA CR-13859T
George, J.J. (1960) Weather Forecasting for Aeronautics, pp. 673. Academic Press, New York
Georges, T.M. (1968) Short-period ionsopheric oscillations associated with severe weather, Proc. Symp. Acoustic-Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere, Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 171-178
Georges, T.M. (1973) Infrasound from convective storms: Examining the evidence. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 11:571-594
Georges, T.M. (1976) Infrasound from convective storms, Part II: A critique of source candidates, NOAA Tech. Rep. ERL 380-WPL49, pp. 59
Gossard, E.E., Hooke, W.H. (1975) Waves in the Atmosphere-Atmospheric Infrasound and Gravity Waves, Their Generation and Propagation, pp. 456. Netherland: Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.
Hines, C.O. (1960) Internal atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric heights, Can. J. Phys. 38:1441-1481
Hung, R.J., Phan, T., Smith, R.E. (1978a) Observation of gravity waves during the extreme tornado outbreak of April 3, 1974, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. (In press)
Hung, R.J., Phan, T., Smith, R.E. (1978b) Ionospheric Doppler sounder as remote sensing for detection and prediction of severe storms. AIAA Paper, No. 78-250, 1-6, 1978; also AIAA Journal, 16:763-766
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1977a) Observation of upper atmospheric disturbances caused by hurricanes and tropical storms. Space Res. 17:205-210
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1977b) Study of stratospheric-ionospheric coupling duting time periods of thunderstorms and tornadic storms. Space Res. 17:210-216
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1978a) Ray tracing of gravity waves as a possible warning system for tornadic storms and hurricanes. J. Appl. Meteorol. 17:3-11
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1978b) Dynamics of severe storms through the study of thermospheric-tropospheric coupling. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. (In press)
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E., West, G.S., Henson, B.B. (1975) Detection of upper atmospheric disturbances in Northern Alabama during extreme tornado outbreak of April 3, 1974, Ninth Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 294-300
Jones, W.L. (1969) Ray tracing of internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res. 74:2028-2033
Justus, C.G., Woodrum, A.W., Roper, R.G., Smith, O.E. (1974a) Four-D Global Reference Atmosphere Technical Description, Part I, pp. 106, NASA TM-X-64871
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Kato, S. (1976) Thermospheric Waves- a Review. J. Geomag. Geolectr. 28:189-206
Kohl, H., King, J.W. (1967) Atmospheric winds between JOO and 700 km and their effects on the ionosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 29:1045-1062
Kurihara, Y. (1976) On the development of spiral bands in a tropical cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci. 33:940-958
Lighthill, M.J. (1952) On sound generated aerodynamically, I. General theory. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 211:564-587
Lighthill, M.J. (1954) On sound generated aerodynamically, II. Turbulence as a source of sound. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 222:1-32
Lighthill, M.J. (1962) Sound generated aerodynamically. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 267:147-182
Lighthill, M.J. (1967) Prediction on the velocity field coming from acoustic noise and a generalized turbulence in a layer overlaying a convectively unstable atmospheric region. I.A. U. Symposium 28:429-469
Malkus, J.S. (1960) Recent developments in studies of penetrative convection and the application to hurricane cumulonimbus towers. Cumulus Dynamics, pp. 65-84. Pergamon Press, New York
Matsumoto, S., Akiyama, T. (1969) Some characteristic features of the heavy rainfalls observed over the Western Japan on July 9, 1967, Part I: Mesoscele structure and short period pulsation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 47:255-266
Matsumoto, S., Ninomiya, K., Akiyama, T. (1967a) A synoptic and dynamic study on the three-dimensional structure of mesoscale disturbances observed in the vicinity of a cold vortex center. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 45:64-81
Matsumoto, S., Ninomiya, K., Akiyama, T. (1967b) Cumulus activities in relation to the mesoscale convergence field. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 45:292-304
Matsumoto, S., Tsuneoka, Y. (1969) Some characteristic features of the heavy rainfalls observed over the Western Japan on July 9, 1967, Part 11: Displacement and life cycles of mesoscale rainfall cells. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 47:267-278
Munro, G.H. (1950) Traveling disturbances in the ionosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A202:208-223
Munro, G.H. (1958) Traveling ionospheric disturbances in the F region. Australian J. Phys. 11:91-112
Prasad, S.S., Schneck, L.J., Davies, K. (1975) Ionospheric disturbances by severe tropospheric weather storms. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 37:1357-1363
Rishbeth, H., Garriot, O.K. (1969) Introduction to Ionospheric Physics, pp. 331. Academic Press, New York
Saunders, P.M. (1962) Penetrative convection in stably stratified fluids. Tell us 14:177-194
Shenk, W.E. (1974) Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells. J. Appl. Meteorol. 13:917-922
Smith, R.E., Hung, R.J. (1975) Observation of severe weather activities by Doppler sounder array. J. Appl. Meteorol. 14:1611-1615
Tepper, M. (1950) A proposed mechanism of squall lines: the pressure jump. J. Meteorol. 7:21-29
Tepper, M. (1954) Pressure jump lines in Midwestern United States, January-August 1951. Research Paper No. 37, pp. 70, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C.
Tepper, M. (1958) A theoretical model for hurricane radar bands. Preprints Seventh Weather Radar Conf., Miami, Amer. Meteor. Soc., K56-65
Testud, J. (1970) Gravity waves during magnetic substorms. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 32:1793-1805
Townsend, A.A. (1966) Internal waves produced by a convective layer. J. Fluid Mech. 24:307-319
Townsend, A.A. (1968) Excitation of internal waves in a stably-stratified atmosphere with considerable wind-shear. J. Fluid Mech. 32:145-171
Uccellini, L.W. (1975) A case study of apparent gravity waves initiation of severe convective storms. Mon. Wea. Rev. 103:497-513
United States Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere (1962) U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1962, pp. 278, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Vonnegut, B., Moore, C.B., Espinola, R.P., Blau, H.H., Jr. (1966) Electric potential gradients above thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci. 23:764-770
West, G.S., Wright, J.J., Euler, H.C. (1977) Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guideline for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1977 Revision, pp. 450, NASA Tech. Memo. 78119
Yeh, K.C., Liu, C.H. (1972) The Theory of Ionospheric Waves, pp. 467. Academic Press, New York
Baker, D.M., Davies, K. (1969) F2-region acoustic waves from severe weather, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 31:1345-1352
Bertin, F., Testud, J., Kersley, L. (1975) Medium scale gravity waves in the ionospheric F-region and their possible origin in weather disturbances. Planet. Space Sci. 23:493-507
Black, P.G. (1977) Some aspects of tropical storm structure revealed by handheld-camera photographs from space, in Skylab Explores the Earth, ed. by V.R. Wilmarth, NASA SP-380, pp. 417-461
Bretherton, F.P. (1966) The propagation of groups of internal gravity-waves in a shear flow. Quant. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 92:466-480
Chimonas, G., Hines, C.O. (1970) Atmospheric gravity waves launched by auroral currents. Planet. Space Sci. 18:565-582
Cowling, D.H., Webb, H.D., Yeh, K.C. (1971) Group rays of internal gravity waves in a wind stratified atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 76:213-220
Davies, K., Jones, J.E. (1972) Ionospheric disturbances produced by severe thunderstorms, NOAA Professional Paper 6, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, Rockville, Md., pp. 47
Deardorff, J.W., Willis, G.E., Lilly, D.K. (1969) Laboratory investigation of non-steady penetrative convection. J. Fluid Mech. 35:7-31
Fujita, T.T. (1974) Overshooting thunderheads observed from ATS and Learjet. NASA CR-13859T
George, J.J. (1960) Weather Forecasting for Aeronautics, pp. 673. Academic Press, New York
Georges, T.M. (1968) Short-period ionsopheric oscillations associated with severe weather, Proc. Symp. Acoustic-Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere, Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 171-178
Georges, T.M. (1973) Infrasound from convective storms: Examining the evidence. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 11:571-594
Georges, T.M. (1976) Infrasound from convective storms, Part II: A critique of source candidates, NOAA Tech. Rep. ERL 380-WPL49, pp. 59
Gossard, E.E., Hooke, W.H. (1975) Waves in the Atmosphere-Atmospheric Infrasound and Gravity Waves, Their Generation and Propagation, pp. 456. Netherland: Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.
Hines, C.O. (1960) Internal atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric heights, Can. J. Phys. 38:1441-1481
Hung, R.J., Phan, T., Smith, R.E. (1978a) Observation of gravity waves during the extreme tornado outbreak of April 3, 1974, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. (In press)
Hung, R.J., Phan, T., Smith, R.E. (1978b) Ionospheric Doppler sounder as remote sensing for detection and prediction of severe storms. AIAA Paper, No. 78-250, 1-6, 1978; also AIAA Journal, 16:763-766
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1977a) Observation of upper atmospheric disturbances caused by hurricanes and tropical storms. Space Res. 17:205-210
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1977b) Study of stratospheric-ionospheric coupling duting time periods of thunderstorms and tornadic storms. Space Res. 17:210-216
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1978a) Ray tracing of gravity waves as a possible warning system for tornadic storms and hurricanes. J. Appl. Meteorol. 17:3-11
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E. (1978b) Dynamics of severe storms through the study of thermospheric-tropospheric coupling. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. (In press)
Hung, R.J., Smith, R.E., West, G.S., Henson, B.B. (1975) Detection of upper atmospheric disturbances in Northern Alabama during extreme tornado outbreak of April 3, 1974, Ninth Conference on Severe Local Storms, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, Mass., pp. 294-300
Jones, W.L. (1969) Ray tracing of internal gravity waves. J. Geophys. Res. 74:2028-2033
Justus, C.G., Woodrum, A.W., Roper, R.G., Smith, O.E. (1974a) Four-D Global Reference Atmosphere Technical Description, Part I, pp. 106, NASA TM-X-64871
Justus, C.G., Woodrum, A.W., Roper, R.G., Smith, O.E. (1974b) Four-D Global Reference Atmosphere Technical Description, Part II, pp. 206, NASA TM-X-64872
Kato, S. (1976) Thermospheric Waves- a Review. J. Geomag. Geolectr. 28:189-206
Kohl, H., King, J.W. (1967) Atmospheric winds between JOO and 700 km and their effects on the ionosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 29:1045-1062
Kurihara, Y. (1976) On the development of spiral bands in a tropical cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci. 33:940-958
Lighthill, M.J. (1952) On sound generated aerodynamically, I. General theory. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 211:564-587
Lighthill, M.J. (1954) On sound generated aerodynamically, II. Turbulence as a source of sound. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 222:1-32
Lighthill, M.J. (1962) Sound generated aerodynamically. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 267:147-182
Lighthill, M.J. (1967) Prediction on the velocity field coming from acoustic noise and a generalized turbulence in a layer overlaying a convectively unstable atmospheric region. I.A. U. Symposium 28:429-469
Malkus, J.S. (1960) Recent developments in studies of penetrative convection and the application to hurricane cumulonimbus towers. Cumulus Dynamics, pp. 65-84. Pergamon Press, New York
Matsumoto, S., Akiyama, T. (1969) Some characteristic features of the heavy rainfalls observed over the Western Japan on July 9, 1967, Part I: Mesoscele structure and short period pulsation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 47:255-266
Matsumoto, S., Ninomiya, K., Akiyama, T. (1967a) A synoptic and dynamic study on the three-dimensional structure of mesoscale disturbances observed in the vicinity of a cold vortex center. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 45:64-81
Matsumoto, S., Ninomiya, K., Akiyama, T. (1967b) Cumulus activities in relation to the mesoscale convergence field. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 45:292-304
Matsumoto, S., Tsuneoka, Y. (1969) Some characteristic features of the heavy rainfalls observed over the Western Japan on July 9, 1967, Part 11: Displacement and life cycles of mesoscale rainfall cells. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 47:267-278
Munro, G.H. (1950) Traveling disturbances in the ionosphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A202:208-223
Munro, G.H. (1958) Traveling ionospheric disturbances in the F region. Australian J. Phys. 11:91-112
Prasad, S.S., Schneck, L.J., Davies, K. (1975) Ionospheric disturbances by severe tropospheric weather storms. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 37:1357-1363
Rishbeth, H., Garriot, O.K. (1969) Introduction to Ionospheric Physics, pp. 331. Academic Press, New York
Saunders, P.M. (1962) Penetrative convection in stably stratified fluids. Tell us 14:177-194
Shenk, W.E. (1974) Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells. J. Appl. Meteorol. 13:917-922
Smith, R.E., Hung, R.J. (1975) Observation of severe weather activities by Doppler sounder array. J. Appl. Meteorol. 14:1611-1615
Tepper, M. (1950) A proposed mechanism of squall lines: the pressure jump. J. Meteorol. 7:21-29
Tepper, M. (1954) Pressure jump lines in Midwestern United States, January-August 1951. Research Paper No. 37, pp. 70, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C.
Tepper, M. (1958) A theoretical model for hurricane radar bands. Preprints Seventh Weather Radar Conf., Miami, Amer. Meteor. Soc., K56-65
Testud, J. (1970) Gravity waves during magnetic substorms. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 32:1793-1805
Townsend, A.A. (1966) Internal waves produced by a convective layer. J. Fluid Mech. 24:307-319
Townsend, A.A. (1968) Excitation of internal waves in a stably-stratified atmosphere with considerable wind-shear. J. Fluid Mech. 32:145-171
Uccellini, L.W. (1975) A case study of apparent gravity waves initiation of severe convective storms. Mon. Wea. Rev. 103:497-513
United States Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere (1962) U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1962, pp. 278, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Vonnegut, B., Moore, C.B., Espinola, R.P., Blau, H.H., Jr. (1966) Electric potential gradients above thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci. 23:764-770
West, G.S., Wright, J.J., Euler, H.C. (1977) Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guideline for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1977 Revision, pp. 450, NASA Tech. Memo. 78119
Yeh, K.C., Liu, C.H. (1972) The Theory of Ionospheric Waves, pp. 467. Academic Press, New York